Indian Philosophy »  Saṃsāra & Nirvāṇa »  Saṃsāra »  Important notions in it »  Elements (space/akaśa) »  Mutual dependence of an entity and its characteristics »  Characterized and characteristics are non-existent, so all entities are non-existent

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• Therefore, there neither is that which characterizes nor that which is characterized (in the ultimate sense)
• (Opponents:) There is unobstructedness (i.e., that which characterizes) that characterizes space (i.e., that which is characterized)
• This still cannot explain why unobstructedness is taken as that which characterizes
• (Opponents:) There are that which characterizes and that which is characterized in regard to space because space is the object of a meditative attainment and desire, etc. are the sphere of meditation
• Apart from that which characterizes and that which is characterized, a third party does not exist
• It is untenable that the ultimate existence of space is established by virtue of the absence of obstruction, because obstruction itself does not have a substantial existence nor an (absolute) non-existence
• Space is used to refute the self-nature of things in the conventional sense